Category: In Focus

Jesus Christ. How many times have we said these two words? Surely, a Christian calls his Lord: Jesus Christ. Certainly, most priests will quote Him, at least, once in their sermons: Jesus Christ. Yet, have we ever thought that if Jesus is the name of a historical person, Christ is not His name? It is not even His last name. Jesus is a name and Christ is a title. In fact, the exact diction should be “Jesus, the Christ.” What is the meaning of saying “I believe in Jesus Christ”? I think it would be interesting to explore more what lies behind a name, and see how the realities it signifies shape our faith in the Lord. Jesus, son of Joseph, was born in what we call Holy Land some 4 to 6 years before the beginning of the modern era. A mistake in calculating His date of birth brought us to start the Christian era when Jesus was actually a small boy. The Gospels tell us that He was born in Bethlehem, yet as an adult He is always referred to as the Nazarene, the one from Nazareth. So where was He really from? It is difficult to say. We reason in a historical way, while the Gospels were written not as books of history, but as Good News, they portray the truth of faith for salvation, not always the truth as we understand it currently. Matthew and Luke speak of Bethlehem because they need to show how Jesus was indeed in the line of David, who was from Bethlehem. Mark and John, who do not place much importance on Jesus’ genealogy, simply name Him after the town He came from. This already tells us something important: Jesus was a person born in history; He had a father and a mother, and He was clearly born in one place. At the same time, the Gospels are not interested in telling us about the historical Jesus; they were written to tell us about His message and meaning. We should be discerning in understanding the history of Jesus as different from what we read in the Gospel. In fact, the Gospels are silent about Jesus’ life until He starts his public life. Where did He live? What languages did He speak? What work did He do to support Himself? Where did He study the Holy Scriptures that He used in preaching so well? We simply do not know, but we can still learn something from what the evangelists tell us.   A middle-class worker Jesus grew up in Nazareth. This was a small village in Galilee, not far from a large town, Seforis. Even though Seforis is never mentioned in the New Testament, this large town could not have escaped the interest of the young Jesus. Growing in rural Galilee, Jesus was accustomed to look at nature with interest. Later on, during His teaching, He would use what He learnt from His observation of reality: “You cannot hide a town built

A person living in the Middle East in the millennium before Christ, was bound to have a difficult time with the spiritual world. Literally, hundreds of deities, minor spirits, and gods fought for attention. Each ethnic group, often each clan, had its own pantheon. Among the gods known in the region, two stand out because of their following and their request to the faithful. Ashtart, also known as Astarte, was a mother–goddess, out of which the most important of the Semitic deities were developed. Her name appears in the Old Testament and Solomon built a temple for her near Jerusalem. Ashtart was the goddess of fertility and sexual love. Worship before the days of the prophets may have somewhat prejudiced that of Yahweh, the only God. While we think of the Jews as monotheist – that is following only one God – the reality is that, for a long time, the Jews followed many gods. It took the work of many prophets and reformers to understand that God is one, and only one. Ashtart was a danger for Israel: it was a temptation for polytheism; because the cult to Ashtart foresaw the use of swine’s blood, it was a graphic rebuttal of God’s request for purity; since she was often considered God’s wife, this goddess simply denied one of the main pillars of Judaism. A far worse god was Moloch. Moloch was a strong god who wanted sacrifices. During the rite of consecration, children were made to pass between two lines of fire. At times, children – especially the first child – were sacrificed to Moloch. Jeremiah and Ezekiel make the point that Yahweh never asked for human sacrifices, and that first–borns were to be consecrated to God through circumcision, not killing. All the same, there were Jews who followed Moloch – there was a temple near Jerusalem – and even others who mimicked Moloch’s cult and sacrificed their children to Yahweh! There were also a number of Ba’al, which means ‘lords,’ for whom small temples were erected on top of the hills. The prophet Hosea speaks clearly about the moral and religious ruin caused by this cult. The shrines were little more than altars where the fruits of the earth were offered to the gods. Yet, also the Ba’al were the occasion to run away from the worship of the only true God.   The dawning of Yahweh With time, the Jews used the names of smaller deities and applied them to Yahweh as a way of describing different aspects of Yahweh. The prophets used these names to show that Yahweh alone is the God of all. Little by little, the names of these smaller gods become some of the names of God. El–Shaddai, for instance, means God of the Mountains. Yahweh Sebaoth means the Lord of the Armies (i.e. the armies of the heavens). All the prophets called people back to the true faith in the only one God. They spoke of Yahweh as Creator, as Father and

The apostolic Church. Where does this particular word come from? The word itself cannot be found in the texts of the Bible, but what we mean by it certainly comes from the very person of Jesus, from His words and deeds and, of course, from the teachings and the actions of His Apostles.  Already in the first decades of the life of the early Christian communities, people started using this word to speak about the Church and its members. For the very first time, we also find the word ‘apostolic’ referring to the Church in a letter written by Saint Ignatius, bishop of Antioch in Syria, to the Trallians while he was on his way to Rome where he suffered martyrdom, killed by the beasts, probably in the Coloseum in the year 107. The second time we find this word is in the Martyrdom of Polycarp. Here, Polycarp himself is called ‘apostolic.’ He was the bishop of Smyrna until around the year 155. (Smyrna is today called Izmir, a city on the west coast of Turkey.) The most important reference to this term is in our Creed which was decisively shaped in the Council of Nicea (325) though, at that time, the text ended with the words.. “and (we believe) in the Holy Spirit.” The part that we continue to recite today: “… the Lord, the Giver of Life, and in the one….. apostolic Church…” was officially included there by the Council of Constantinople in the year 381, though the council fathers probably took the words from an earlier document written around 374 by Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis on the island of Cyprus.     ‘Apostolic’ in the New Testament The word is not there, but those who began to use it certainly did so to say that both what we believe in, as Christians, and also much in our way of living, as a Church, certainly come from Jesus and His Apostles. We could say that the first ‘apostolic person’ in the New Testament is Jesus Himself. The word comes from the Greek verb apostellein which means to send. We remember, at once, that Jesus used the words of Prophet Isaiah to introduce Himself to His contemporaries in the synagogue of Nazareth – precisely as the One who has been anointed by the Spirit of God and sent (Lk. 4:18). The idea that He was sent by the Father is clearly seen as the main motivation behind everything that Jesus said and did. No wonder that the author of the Letter to the Hebrews will call Jesus ‘Apostle and High Priest of the faith that we profess’ (Heb. 3:1). But Jesus is not the only one sent. From the very beginning of His mission, He extended to His disciples this fundamental dynamics of His own intimate life: “As the Father sent me, so I’m sending you” (Jn. 20:21). After His death, His every appearance to His disciples ends with words or gestures that send them (e.g. Jn. 20:17–18). And His