Three-fourths of the world’s poor live in rural areas, yet they receive only 4% of the 100 billion dollars given each year in foreign aid, the Bank said in its 2007 Development Report. In Africa, south of the Sahara and in South Asia, “the number of rural poor people is still rising and will continue to exceed the number of urban poor for at least another 30 years,” said Francois Bourguignon, the Bank’s chief economist.
Governments in Sub-Saharan Africa, a region particularly reliant on agriculture for overall growth, tax farms relatively heavily, but spend a scant 4% of their budgets to support the sector. The opportunity thus squandered is immense: Economic growth generated by agriculture is about four times more effective in lifting people out of poverty than growth stemming from industry or services. “A dynamic ‘agriculture for development’ agenda can benefit the estimated 900 million rural people in the developing world who live on less than one dollar a day, most of whom are engaged in agriculture,” said Robert Zoellick, the Bank’s president. “We need to give agriculture more prominence across the board,” he added.
A FAVORABLE MARKET
The Bank’s support for rural initiatives fell during the 1980s and 1990s but has begun to rise again in the past four years. This year, the multilateral lender has committed 3.1 billion dollars to the sector. Officials said the Bank plans further increases. The report urged more than just increased financing. Productivity must be boosted in the raising of staple foods. At the same time, smallholders must be enabled to take advantage of the rapidly expanding global market for high-value goods including flowers, poultry, farmed fish, and dairy products.
The Bank exhorted rich countries to reform policies that harm the poor. “It is vital that the United States reduces cotton subsidies which depress prices for African smallholders,” it said. Turning to biofuels, it scored “restrictive tariffs and heavy subsidies in rich countries, which drive up food prices and limit export opportunities for efficient developing country producers.” It further asserted that industrialized countries, the major contributors to global warming, “urgently need to do more to help poor farmers adapt their production systems to climate change.”
SMALL FARMS ARE MORE EFFICIENT
The U.N.’s International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), which helped produce the Bank’s flagship report, urged government support and a greater say in trade policies for small-scale farmers. “Smallholder farmers, traditionally, have been the most efficient producers,” Lennart Bage, IFAD’s president, said in a statement. “They are the future of agriculture in most developing countries. However, smallholders face both old and new challenges that require intervention by the state,” Bage said.
Turning to trade, he said rich countries must go beyond reducing subsidies and tariffs. Rather, “space needs to be made for the full engagement of poor rural people and their organizations in policy-making on trade.”
The report warned that global food supplies are under pressure from rising demand for food, animal feed, and biofuels; the rising price of energy; increasing land and water scarcity; and climate change. In turn, the outlook for food prices remains uncertain. Agriculture itself contributes to environmental stress. The sector soaks up 85% of the world’s utilized water and is a cause of deforestation, land degradation, and pollution. The report urged more sustainable production systems and incentives to protect the environment.
HOME TO THE POOR
Agriculture remains important in all regions, not just predominantly rural ones. To be sure, it employs 65% of the labor force and generates 32% of gross domestic product (GDP) growth in sub-Saharan Africa. In “transforming countries” such as China, India, and Morocco, farming contributes an average of 7% to GDP growth, but lagging rural incomes are a major source of political tension.
In urbanized countries, mainly in Latin America and the Caribbean and Eastern Europe and Central Asia, agriculture contributes just 5% of GDP growth, the Bank said. But even here, the countryside is home to 45% of the poor. The report follows a recent internal evaluation that said the Bank itself had long neglected African agriculture.
The Bank evaluation found that the Bank pushed African governments in the 1980s and 1990s to pull back from agriculture. In the agency’s defense, the study noted that the Bank had assumed that private concerns would step in to fill the void left by fiscally-stressed and badly-managed government programs.
In most cases, this did not happen and farmers were left on their own to cope with rocketing fertilizer costs and shortages of seeds and credit. Consequently, cereal yields fell to less than half of South Asia’s and one-third of Latin America’s. Zoellick, who took office in July, has said that reviving African agriculture will be a top priority under his leadership. www.ipsnewsasia.net and www.ipsnews.net
