Pope Leo XIV’s first Apostolic Exhortation sees the love of Christ incarnated in love for the poor, in caring for the sick, opposing slavery, defending women who experience exclusion and violence, making education available to all, accompanying migrants, charitable giving, working for equality, and more.
Dilexi te (“I have loved you”, from Revelation, 3:9) unfolds in 121 numbered paragraphs spread throughout five chapters, and flows directly from the Gospel of the Son of God, Who in the very act of entering into our world through the Incarnation became poor for our sakes. At the same time, it reproposes the Church’s social teaching, especially that of the past 150 years, as “a veritable treasury of significant teachings” concerning the poor.
With this document, signed on 4 October 2025, the feast of Saint Francis of Assisi, Pope Leo situates himself firmly on the path laid out by his predecessors, including Saint John XXIII, with his appeal, in Mater et Magistra, to wealthier countries not to remain indifferent to nations oppressed by hunger and extreme poverty (n. 83).
Saint Paul VI added his own voice with Populorum Progressio and his appearance at the United Nations as an “advocate of the poor”; as did Saint John Paul II, who consolidated the doctrinal foundations of the Church’s “preferential option for the poor”.
More recently, Benedict XVI, in Caritas in Veritate, offered a more markedly political take on the crises of the third millennium, while Francis made care for the poor and solidarity with the poor one of the key themes of his pontificate.
Like Francis, who completed the work of Benedict XVI on the encyclical Lumen Fidei, Pope Leo XIV took up the text of his immediate predecessor for his first major magisterial document. Dilexi te builds on the teaching of Francis’ final encyclical–Dilexit nos, on the Sacred Heart of Jesus–highlighting the “close connection” between the love of God and love for the poor. “In the poor”, writes Pope Leo, God “continues to speak to us” (n. 5).
The Holy Father likewise recalls the theme of the Church’s “preferential option… for the poor,” an expression that arose in the context of Latin America (n. 16). Pope Leo explains that this “‘preference’ never indicates exclusivity or discrimination towards other groups” but instead emphasizes “God’s actions, which are moved by compassion toward the poverty and weakness of all humanity” (n. 16). “On the wounded faces of the poor, we see the suffering of the innocent and, therefore, the suffering of Christ Himself” (n. 9).
THE ‘FACES’ OF POVERTY
Pope Leo’s Exhortation offers numerous points for reflection and calls for action in its analysis of the many “faces of the poor and of poverty”, including “the poverty of those who lack material means of subsistence” or “who are socially marginalized and lack the means to give voice to their dignity and abilities” (n. 9). Pope Leo also notes the existence of moral, spiritual, and cultural poverty; the poverty of “those who have no rights, no space, no freedom” (n. 9).
Confronted with this reality, Pope Leo says that although “the commitment to the poor and to removing the social and structural causes of poverty has gained importance in recent decades… it remains insufficient” (n. 10). He warns of the emergence of new, sometimes “more subtle and dangerous” forms of poverty, and decries economic “rules” that increase wealth for a few but also increase inequality (n. 10, 13). “I can only state once more that inequality ‘is the root of social ills’” (n. 94).
Pope Leo thus calls for a “change in mentality” that can free us from “the illusion of happiness derived from a comfortable life that pushes many people towards a vision of life centered on the accumulation of wealth and social success at all costs, even at the expense of others and by taking advantage of unjust social ideals and political-economic systems that favor the strongest” (n. 11).
Pope Leo also devotes ample space to the theme of migration, illustrating his words with the image of Alan Kurdi, the three-year-old Syrian boy who in 2015 became a symbol of the European migrant crisis with the photo of his lifeless body on a beach. “Unfortunately, apart from some momentary outcry, similar events are becoming increasingly irrelevant and seen as marginal news items”, the Pope observes (n. 11).
At the same time, he recalls the Church’s centuries-old work in favor of those forced to abandon their lands, seen in refugee reception centers, border missions, and the efforts of Caritas Internationalis and other institutions (n. 75).
With regard to migration, the Pope adopts Francis’ famous “four verbs”: “welcome, protect, promote, and integrate.” And he also borrows from his predecessor the description of the poor as “not only objects of our compassion, but teachers of the Gospel” (n. 79).
Similarly, we must not forget those women, the “doubly poor… who endure situations of exclusion, mistreatment and violence, since they are frequently less able to defend their rights”, he adds, quoting Francis (n. 12).
CAUSES OF POVERTY
Pope Leo XIV offers an in-depth reflection on the causes of poverty: “The poor are not there by chance or by blind and cruel fate. Nor, for most of them, is poverty a choice”, he says. “Yet, there are those who still presume to make this claim, thus revealing their own blindness and cruelty” (n. 14).
While recognizing that “among the poor there are also those who do not want to work, perhaps because their ancestors, who worked all their lives, died poor”, the Pope highlights that there are “so many others–men and women–who nonetheless work from dawn to dusk, perhaps collecting scraps or the like, even though they know that their hard work will only help them to scrape by, but never really improve their lives” (n. 14).
In one of the main points of Dilexi te, Pope Leo insists that it cannot be said “that most of the poor are such because they do not ‘deserve’ otherwise, as maintained by that specious view of meritocracy that sees only the successful as ‘deserving’” (n. 14).
THE WITNESS OF SAINTS
In contrast to this attitude of indifference, there is a world of saints, blesseds, and missionaries who, over the centuries, have embodied the image of “a poor Church for the poor” (n. 110), from Francis of Assisi and his gesture of embracing a leper (n. 7), to Mother Teresa, a “universal icon of charity” dedicated to the most destitute in India, who accompanied the dying “with the tenderness of prayer” (n. 77).
The Pope also recalls the witness of Saints including Lawrence, Justin, Ambrose, and John Chrysostom; as well as Saint Augustine, who stated: “Anyone who says they love God and has no compassion for the needy is lying”, a reference to 1 John 4:20 (n. 45).
Pope Leo points to the work of the Camillians for the sick (n. 50), and of the women’s congregations in hospitals and nursing homes (n. 51). He notes the welcome given to widows, abandoned children, pilgrims, and beggars in Benedictine monasteries (n. 55); and recalls the Franciscans, Dominicans, Carmelites, and Augustinians who initiated “an evangelical revolution” through a “simple and poor lifestyle” (n. 63); as well as the Trinitarians and Mercedarians who, fighting for the liberation of prisoners, expressed the love of “a God who frees not only from spiritual slavery but also from concrete oppression” (n. 60).
“The tradition of these orders did not come to an end. On the contrary, it inspired new forms of action in the face of modern forms of slavery: human trafficking, forced labor, sexual exploitation, and various forms of dependency. Christian charity is liberating when it becomes incarnate” (n. 61).
Looking to the example of Saint Joseph Calasanz, who founded the first free public school in Europe (n. 69), the Pope emphasizes the importance of educating the poor, which “is not a favor but a duty” (n. 72). “Children have a right to knowledge as a fundamental requirement for the recognition of human dignity” (72).
In the final pages of the document, Leo XIV reminds every member of the People of God of their duty to “make their voices heard, albeit in different ways, in order to point out and denounce such structural issues, even at the cost of appearing foolish or naïve” (n. 97).
“Unjust structures need to be recognized and eradicated by the force of good, by changing mindsets but also, with the help of science and technology, by developing effective policies for societal change” (n. 97).
“It is evident”, Pope Leo says “that all of us must ‘let ourselves be evangelized’ by the poor” (n. 102). “No Christian can regard the poor simply as a societal problem”, he insists; rather “they are part of our ‘family’. They are ‘one of us’”. And so, he says, “our relationship to the poor” cannot “be reduced to merely another ecclesial activity or function” (n. 104). Published in Vatican News
